Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Lichens in Different Ecological Conditions in the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand

Abstract

Present study investigates the distribution and diversity of lichens across different elevational zones in the Madhyamaheshwar Valley, Garhwal Himalaya. A total of 77 lichen species from 22 families and 52 genera were recorded across three altitudes: lower (1600 - 2300 m. asl), middle (2600 - 3100 m. asl), and higher (3200 - 3600 m. asl). Lichen diversity increased with elevation, with 48 species recorded at higher elevation, 17 at middle elevation, and 12 at lower elevation. Temperature and humidity were identified as significant factors influencing lichen diversity, with cooler conditions at higher elevations supporting more diverse lichen communities. Slope and cardinal directions aspect also influenced species distribution, with gentler slopes and southern cardinal direction aspects supporting higher diversity. Lichens demonstrated a preference for tree bark as a substrate, with certain species exhibiting greater host specificity. These findings underscore the crucial role of environmental factors in shaping the distribution of lichen communities across the elevational gradients of the valley.