Reviving Ecosystems: A Study of Biodiversity in Post-Coal Mining Reclamation Zones

Abstract

Post-mining ecosystem restoration is essential for preserving biodiversity and ensuring long-term environmental stability. This study evaluates vegetation dynamics in reclaimed coal mining sites in Kalimantan, Indonesia, to assess reclamation effectiveness and develop ecosystem-based conservation strategies. Field surveys were conducted across eight reclaimed sites of varying ages using a plot-based vegetation analysis approach. The Importance Value Index (IVI) identified dominant species, while the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') and Sørensen Similarity Index measured vegetation diversity and similarity. Environmental factors were analyzed to determine their influence on ecosystem recovery. The results indicate that older reclamation sites exhibit higher biodiversity, improved soil stability, and better vegetation cover compared to younger sites, which remain in early recovery stages. Monoculture rubber plantations were found to limit biodiversity compared to mixed-species revegetation. Among the 46 identified species from 23 families, Fabaceae was the most dominant, while Peronema canescens (Critically Endangered) emerged as a key conservation priority. Acacia mangium dominated the tree stratum, while Ottochloa nodosa and Chromolaena odorata contributed to soil stabilization. Vegetation similarity among sites was low (10%–57.78%), indicating distinct ecological recovery trajectories. Biodiversity developed over a 10-year period, with rapid regeneration in the seedling and herbaceous layers occurring within 2–4 years. Environmental factors, particularly wind speed, played a significant role in seed dispersal and vegetation dynamics. This study highlights the importance of an ecosystem-based approach to post-mining reclamation. The strategic selection of species such as Acacia mangium and Albizia chinensis can accelerate ecosystem recovery, while the conservation of native species like Peronema canescens remains critical for maintaining ecological balance. Sustainable reclamation practices are essential for transforming post-mining landscapes into resilient ecosystems that support long-term biodiversity conservation.