Environmental Policies in Mexico: A Critical Analysis of Their Implementation and Results

Abstract

Mexico, as a megadiverse country highly vulnerable to climate change, has implemented environmental public policies to address critical challenges such as deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss. The objective of this study is to systematically analyze the effectiveness of recent environmental policies in the country. The methodology combines a systematic literature review with a bibliometric analysis, using tools such as VOSviewer to map trends and thematic relationships in academic databases and institutional reports. The results reveal progress in renewable energy projects, but also highlight failures in waste management and reforestation, attributed to corruption and lack of continuity. Furthermore, tensions between economic interests and sustainability are identified, as well as insufficient citizen participation in key decisions. The conclusions underscore the need to strengthen environmental governance through participatory mechanisms, institutional professionalization, and long-term policies. Although the regulatory framework is robust, its effective implementation requires overcoming structural obstacles and aligning economic and environmental objectives.