Systematic Review of Phytoremediation: Efficacy of Aquatic Plants in Wastewater Treatment and Pollutant Removal

Abstract

The swift process of industrialization and urbanization in our society has resulted in a growing issue of wastewater production, which presents a substantial danger to ecosystems and human well-being. This study examines the efficacy of aquatic plants in wastewater treatment by using their innate ability to remove pollutants. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), and duckweed (Lemnaceae) are types of aquatic plants that have been thoroughly researched due to their capacity to cleanse domestic, industrial, agricultural, and wastewater. This study encompasses a range of studies completed from 2014 to 2024, which investigate the efficacy of different aquatic plants in eliminating contaminants and provide insights into the specific mechanisms employed by these plants. Research has revealed remarkable findings, indicating that specialist plants have the ability to eliminate pollutants, including nitrogen, phosphate, and heavy metals, with an efficiency of up to 100%. Furthermore, the incorporation of these plants into wetlands and natural purification systems has been demonstrated to enhance the purification process by stimulating increased biomass production and the absorption of noxious gases. Future research should give priority to genetically modifying plants to enhance their capacity for absorbing contaminants and to develop integrated systems for treating wastewater. In summary, this study showcases the capacity of aquatic plants to serve as a highly effective and eco-friendly substitute for wastewater treatment. Implementing phytoremediation techniques can enhance the sustainability of water management practices and aid in safeguarding our ecosystems and the health of society.