Spatio-temporal assessment of groundwater quality in the town of Moundou in south-western Chad

Authors

  • PhD Student Prosper DOUMTOUDJINODJI Univeristé d’Abomey Calavi (UAC), Institut National de l’Eau (INE), Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques, de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (LSTEE) Author https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2194-271X
  • Associate Pr Bernadin M. ELEGBEDE Univeristé d’Abomey Calavi (UAC), Institut National de l’Eau (INE), Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques, de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (LSTEE) Author
  • Full Pr Jean Claude DOUMNANG M. Université́ de N’Djaména, Faculté́ des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (FSEA), Département de Géologie, Laboratoire de Recherche en Hydro-Géosciences et Réservoirs (LHGR) Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5950-9870
  • PhD Student Akilou SOCOHOU A. Univeristé d’Abomey Calavi (UAC), Institut National de l’Eau (INE), Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques, de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (LSTEE) Author https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3271-7711
  • PhD Student Nguérassem DJOUEINGUE Université́ de N’Djaména, Faculté́ des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (FSEA), Département de Géologie, Laboratoire de Recherche en Hydro-Géosciences et Réservoirs (LHGR) Author https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6865-3717
  • MSc Urbain AGNICHOLA Univeristé d’Abomey Calavi (UAC), Institut National de l’Eau (INE), Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques, de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (LSTEE) Author https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1871-4676

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46488/

Keywords:

Groundwater, hydrochemistry, WQI, quality of drinking and irrigation water, Moundou and Chad

Abstract

Assessment of groundwater quality is becoming essential for effective resource management. In this study, we conducted a seasonal assessment of groundwater quality, hydrogeochemical processes, and statistical analyses in the city of Moundou. A total of 62 groundwater samples were taken in the 27 districts of the city, in August 2022 (rainy season) and May 2023 (dry season) respectively. From a geochemical point of view, the results highlighted two dominant geochemical facies in both the dry and wet seasons: the calcium-magnesium bicarbonate facies (Ca-Mg-HCO₃) and the sodium-potassium bicarbonate facies (Na-K-HCO₃). The multivariate analysis showed that the mineralisation of gypsum (CaSO4, 2H2O), CaCl2 salts, silicates, carbonates and the decomposition of organic matter are the main processes affecting the quality of Moundou's water. The physico-chemical results show that of the parameters monitored, only pH, iron and ammonium do not comply with the WHO standard, and almost 89% of the sites sampled are considered acceptable according to QWI values. Only the sites in the north-east of the city showed poor water quality during the rainy season. On the whole, this water is of better quality for irrigation purposes.

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Issue

March 2026 (Forthcoming Issue)

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Articles