Cellulose-Based Materials as a Sustainable Alternative to Plastics: Mitigating Environmental Pollution Through Biodegradability and Reduced Toxicity

Abstract

This review article assesses the viability of cellulose-based materials as sustainable substitutes for petroleum-derived plastics, focussing on significant environmental concerns such as pollution, microplastic contamination, and ecological toxicity. In contrast to conventional plastics, which can last for decades and break down into harmful microplastics, cellulose materials decompose rapidly into non-toxic organic molecules, reintegrating into natural ecosystems. Biodegradability reduces contamination and ingestion concerns in soil, compost, and marine environments, promoting ecosystem health. The article emphasizes the minimal environmental impact of cellulose extraction and production, which predominantly relies on renewable resources such as wood, agricultural waste, and non-timber plants. Cellulose manufacture necessitates reduced energy use and generates fewer greenhouse gas emissions relative to petroleum-based polymers while providing a carbon sequestration advantage throughout the growth of cellulose-producing plants. Responsible forestry and agricultural methods augment the sustainability of cellulose supply, conforming to a circular economy model that emphasizes compostability and, in certain instances, recyclability. Recent progress in cellulose technology, especially in nanocellulose synthesis, has broadened the functional possibilities of cellulose-based materials. Cellulose is excellent for bio-composites, packaging, textiles, and medical devices due to chemical and mechanical modifications that improve its strength, flexibility, and water resistance. These improvements allow cellulose materials to compete with petroleum-based plastics for durability and usefulness in moisture-sensitive applications. Notwithstanding these benefits, problems endure, encompassing economic, technological, and regulatory challenges. The production expenses of cellulose exceed those of traditional plastics, and existing waste management systems are insufficiently equipped for the composting and recycling cellulose materials, particularly in altered forms. The article promotes regulatory support, innovation in industrial technology, and enhanced consumer awareness to facilitate the broader adoption of cellulose-based materials. The investigation highlights the significance of cellulose-based materials in mitigating environmental pollution and enhancing biodiversity. Cellulose-based materials can help solve the global plastic challenge and promote sustainability through infrastructure and sustainable behaviour.